Hp 17bii Emulator For Mac

EMU42 is an emulator for the Pioneer series calculators HP-17B, HP-17BII, HP-27S and HP-42S and for the Clamshell series calculators HP-19BII and HP-28S. It base on the sources of the famous HP calculator emulator Emu48 and is published under the GPL. Below a few screenshots.

The HP 48 is a series of graphing calculators using Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) and the RPL programming language, produced by Hewlett-Packard from 1990 until 2003.^[1] The series includes the HP 48S, HP 48SX, HP 48G, HP 48GX, and HP 48G+, the G models being expanded and improved versions of the S models. The models with an X suffix are expandable via special RAM (memory expansion) and ROM (software application) cards. In particular, the GX models have more onboard memory than the G models. The G+ models have more onboard memory only. The SX and S models have the same amount of onboard memory.

Note that the similarly named hp 48gII (2004) is not really a member of the series, but rather much more closely related to the hp 49g+.

The hardware architecture developed for the HP 48 series became the basis for the HP 38G, with a simplified user interface and an infix input method, and the HP 49G with various software enhancements. Likewise, the hardware and software design of the HP 48 calculators are themselves strongly influenced by other calculators in the HP line, most of all by the HP-18C and the HP-28 series.

• 2Specifications

Models / Availability[edit]

The HP 48SX was introduced on 1990-03-06.

Availability:

• 48SX: 1990–1993
• 48S: 1991–1993
• 48GX (F1895A): 1993–2003^[1]
• 48GX ASEE: 1993 (special edition labelled '1893 ASEE 1993 Shaping our world - Century II')
• 48G: 1993–2003^[1]
• 48G+ (F1630A, F1894A): 1998–2003^[1]

Specifications[edit]

The HP 48 series' Saturnmicroprocessor is a hybrid 64-bit / 20-bitCPU hardware-wise but acts like a 4-bit processor in that it presents nibble-based data to programs and uses a nibble-based addressing system. The main registers A, B, C, D, along with temp registers R0, R1, R2, R3, and R4 are a full 64-bits wide, but the data registers D0 & D1 are only 20-bit. External logical data fetches are transparently converted to 8-bit physical fetches. The processor has a 20-bit address bus available to code but due to the presence of the high/low nibble selection bit, only 19 bits are available externally.

In both the HP 48S/SX and G/GX series, the Saturn CPU core is integrated as part of a more complex integrated circuit (IC) package. These packages have codenames inspired by the members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The codename of the IC is Clarke in the S/SX, after William Clark, and Yorke in the G/GX, after Clark's manservant. The previous series of Saturn-based ICs were codenamed Lewis, after Meriwether Lewis.

Common for all models[edit]

• CPU architecture: Saturn
• Screen resolution: 131×64 pixels
• Communication ports: 4-pin RS-232 (Serial port) or Infrared port (not IrDA)
• Data bus width: 8-bit (external)
• Maximum 4-bit-cell address width: 20 bits (leading to the address space shown next)
• Logical address space: 512 KB
• Maximum register size: 64 bit (both working and scratch registers)
• Available expansion card ports on X models: 2
• Expansion card pins: 40

HP 48S/HP 48SX specific[edit]

• CPU clock frequency: 2 MHz
• Memory clock frequency: 2 MHz
• CPU codename: Clarke (Saturn1LT8 core)
• Communication protocol(s): Serial transfers: Kermit (protocol); Infrared transfers: proprietary
• On-board ROM: 256 KB
• On-board RAM: 32 KB
• Maximum additional memory per expansion card: 128 KB (48SX only)
• ROM versions: A, B, C, D, E, (F,^[2][3]) J

HP 48G/HP 48GX/HP 48G+ specific[edit]

• CPU clock frequency: 3.68 to 4 MHz
  • Some claim that the frequency varies according to temperature^[4]
  • According to one of the engineers on the design team of the HP 48G series (Dave Arnett), the yields for 4 MHz CPUs were essentially separated into two bins: the ones closest to spec, generally near 3.93-3.94 MHz, were reserved for the expandable models (GX), and those just slightly under spec were used for the non-expandable units (G). Eventually the yields improved and the CPUs which clocked closer to 4 MHz were installed in the non-expandable units as well. The effects of (non-extreme) temperatures are almost negligible.^{[citation needed]}
• Memory clock frequency: 2 MHz
• CPU codename: Yorke (Saturn1LT8 core)
• Communication protocol(s): Serial transfers: Kermit (protocol) or Xmodem; Infrared transfers: proprietary
• On-board ROM: 512 KB
• On-board RAM: 32 KB (48G) or 128 KB (48G+/48GX)
• Maximum additional memory for expansion card port 1: 128 KB
• Maximum additional memory for expansion card port 2: 4 MB (128 KB addressable at any given time via bank switching)
• Other communication protocols: XModem
• ROM versions: K, L, M, P, R

Programming[edit]

The HP 48 series of calculators support a stack-based programming language named RPL, a supposed combination of Reverse Polish notation (RPN) and Lisp. RPL adds the concepts of lists and functions to stack-based programming, allowing the programmer to pass unevaluated code as arguments to functions, or return unevaluated code from a function by leaving it on the stack.

RPL comes in two flavors: User RPL and System RPL. User RPL is the language that a user can program directly on the calculator. System RPL requires an external compiler; this may be done on the calculator with a third-party utility, or on another machine. The two languages vary mainly in the number of low-level operations available to them. User RPL does not expose any commands that do not check their arguments. Consequently, User RPL programs cannot normally crash the calculator (and are therefore slower than System RPL programs), whereas a System RPL program that invokes a command with incorrect arguments will almost certainly leave the calculator in a state which requires a full memory reset.

It is also possible to program the HP 48 directly in machine language.

Emulators[edit]

• Emu48 for Windows
• X48 for Mac OS X, POSIX (Unix/Linux)
• An HP48 emulator – decompiler for Unix/Linux or Windows (using Cygwin) by Paul Courbis

In popular culture[edit]

• A HP48 can be seen in the 2012 movie The Amazing Spider-Man and in its sequel.^[5]
• In the 2015 movie the Fantastic Four, an HP 48 series calculator can be seen at about 28 minutes into the film.^{[citation needed]}

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcdePaiva, Joseph V. (2004-10-01). 'The End of An Era - On the genesis, life and death of the HP 48'. Point of Beginning (PoB). BNP Media. Archived from the original on 2016-08-20. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
2. ^Schoorl, André; Maddock, Keith; Okahata, Darryl (2000-04-14) [1997]. Rechlin, Eric (ed.). 'HP48 FAQ Section 3: Questions about ROM versions'. Official HP48 FAQ - Answers to Frequently Asked Questions about the HP48. 4.62. HP Calculator Archive. Archived from the original on 2016-08-20. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
3. ^Wickes, William C. (1991-03-12). 'HP 48 Version F: False Alarm'. comp.sys.handhelds. hpcvra.cv.hp.com item: 2404. Archived from the original on 2016-04-28. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
4. ^http://www.hpcalc.org/hp48/docs/hpedia/
5. ^https://www.techpoweredmath.com/spidermans-dad-hp-calculator-fan/

Further reading[edit]

• HP 48G Series – User's Guide (UG) (8th ed.). Hewlett-Packard. December 1994 [1993]. HP 00048-90126, (00048-90104). Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2015-09-06.[1]
• HP 48G Series – Advanced User's Reference Manual (AUR) (4th ed.). Hewlett-Packard. December 1994 [1993]. HP 00048-90136, 0-88698-01574-2. Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2015-09-06.[2]
• Wickes, William C.; Patton, Charles M. (1991). 'The HP 48SX Scientific Expandable Calculator: Innovation and Evolution'(PDF). Hewlett-Packard Journal. Hewlett-Packard. 42 (3): 6–12. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2016-04-24. Retrieved 2015-09-06.
• Courbis, Paul; Lalande, Sébastien (2006-06-25) [1993]. HP48 Machine Language - A Journey to the Center of the HP 48s/sx. Translated by Cannon, Douglas R. (2nd ed.). Corvallis, Oregon, USA: Grapevine Publications, Inc. OCLC34148948. Retrieved 2015-09-06.[3][4][5][6][7][8] (First edition: [9])
• Courbis, Paul; Lalande, Sébastien (2006-06-25) [1991]. Voyage au centre de la HP48 s/sx. 3.02 (in French) (3rd ed.). Paris, France: Editions Angkor. ISBN2-87892-003-1. OCLC29640044. Retrieved 2015-09-06.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]
• Courbis, Paul (2006-06-25) [1993]. Voyage au centre de la HP48 g/gx. 3.05 (in French) (3rd ed.). Paris, France: Editions Angkor. ISBN2-87892-006-6. OCLC29640044. Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2015-09-06.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]
• Courbis, Paul; de Brébisson, Cyrille (March 1994). Le compagnon de Voyage de la HP48 G/GX (in French). Paris, France: Editions Angkor. ISBN2-87892-007-4. Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2015-09-06.[29]
• Byrne, Diana K. (1994). 'An Advanced Scientific Graphing Calculator: A concise treatment of design objectives, major engineering decisions, and the hardware/software of the HP 48G/GX, compared to the S/SX'. Hewlett-Packard Journal. Hewlett Packard. 45 (4): 6–22. Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2015-09-06.
• Mastracci, Matthew (1998) [1995]. 'Guide to the Saturn Processor (With HP48 Applications)'. 1.0b. Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2006-05-03.

External links[edit]

HP calculators are various calculators manufactured by the Hewlett-Packard company over the years.

Their desktop models included the HP 9800 series, while their handheld models started with the HP-35. Their focus has been on high-end scientific, engineering and complex financial uses.

History[edit]

In the 1960s, Hewlett-Packard was becoming a diversified electronics company with product lines in electronic test equipment, scientific instrumentation, and medical electronics, and was just beginning its entry into computers. The corporation recognized two opportunities: it might be possible to automate the instrumentation that HP was producing, and HP's customer base were likely to buy a product that could replace the slide rules and adding machines that they were now using for computation.

With this in mind, HP built the HP 9100 desktop scientific calculator. This was a full-featured calculator that included not only standard 'adding machine' functions but also powerful capabilities to handle floating-point numbers, trigonometric functions, logarithms, exponentiation, and square roots.

This new calculator was well received by the customer base, but William Hewlett saw additional opportunities if the desktop calculator could be made small enough to fit into his shirt pocket. He charged his engineers with this exact goal using the size of his shirt pocket as a guide.^{[citation needed]} The result was the HP-35 calculator. This calculator provided functionality that was revolutionary for a pocket calculator at that time.^{[citation needed]}

Through the years, HP released several calculators that varied in their mathematical capabilities, programmability, and I/O capabilities. Some of them could be used (via HP-IL) to control the instruments other Hewlett Packard divisions produced.

Characteristics[edit]

HP calculators are well known for their use of Reverse Polish Notation (RPN).

Programmable HP calculators allow users to create their own programs.

Calculators[edit]

Below are some of HP's handheld calculator models produced over the years, in numeric rather than chronological order:

• HP 9g — Graphing calculator designed by Kinpo Electronics, Inc.^[1]
• HP 9s — Scientific calculator designed by Kinpo Electronics, Inc., with the same form factor as the 9g and the 30S
• HP-10 — 1977 basic four-function calculator with printer and conventional arithmetic entry (no RPN).
• HP-10B — Financial calculator introduced in 1988.
• HP-10C — 1982–1984. Range entry calculator, Scientific Programmable, statistical functions.
• HP-11C — Scientific Programmable, including hyperbolics, gamma function, statistical functions, and random number generation.
• HP-10s — A scientific calculator with more than 240 built-in functions, with 2 lines × 10 digits LCD.
• HP-12C — The finance-centric programmable calculator from the Voyager series introduced in the 1980s. The longest running product in the HP calculator line, it remains in production.
• HP-15C — Advanced Scientific Programmable, including hyperbolics, gamma function, combinatorial and statistical functions, random number generation, numerical integration, numerical root finding, plus comprehensive matrix operations and full support for complex numbers.
• HP-16C — Computer science programmable calculator that could perform binary arithmetic, base-conversion (decimal, and binary, octal, and hexadecimal) and boolean-logic functions.
• HP-17B — Financial calculator superseding the 12C, with two-line display, alphanumerics and sophisticated Solve functions rather than step programming. Uses the Saturn chip set.
• HP-18C — A 1986 RPL clamshell business calculator.
• HP-19B — Financial calculator.
• HP-19C — 1977 calculator with RPN and built-in thermal printer. Included a programming language with looping and branching.
• HP 20b — 2008 financial calculator with RPN.
• HP-20S — A basic scientific calculator, using infix notation, barely programmable and with no graphing capabilities.
• HP-21 — Scaled-down HP-25.
• HP-25 — Smaller programmable model with programs up to 49 steps. Version HP-25C was first calculator with 'continuous memory'.
• HP-27S — The first HP pocket calculator to use algebraic notation only rather than RPN. A 1988 scientific calculator, it was a 'do all' calculator that included algebraic solver like the HP-18C, statistical, probability and time/value of money calculations. It had approximately 7 kilobytes of programmable memory which could be used for formulas or notes. The two-push 6-key letter typing system was fairly fast after a learning period.^[2]
• HP-28C — (1987) RPN scientific graphing calculator. First HP graphing calculator, and introduced the Forth-like RPL, programmable keys, and symbolic equation solving, with 2 KB of user memory. Book-style design (flip-open cover) with keys on both interior halves.
• HP-28S — (1988) Expansion of HP-28C; 32 KB of user memory due to customers unexpectedly keeping programs in memory for extended periods. Introduced a file system for storing variables, functions, and user programs in the form of a multi-level tree. Like the HP-28C, this model used the 'open-book' physical design. Functionally a direct predecessor to the HP-48 series, which returned to a more traditional physical design based on the HP-41.
• HP-29C — 1977 Programmable calculator with RPN. Included a programming language with looping and branching. An inexpensive variation on the 19C printer.
• HP 30b — Programmable Financial calculator released in 2010. Built in Black-Scholes Equation, FMRR and MIRR. Powered by ARM processor. Multiple input methods including RPN, chain algebraic, and normal.
• HP 30s — Calculator designed by Kinpo Electronics, Inc.
• HP-32E — 1978 Scientific non-programmable
• HP-32S — Scientific programmable, updated to HP-32SII
• HP 33s — Calculator designed by Kinpo Electronics, Inc.
• HP-33C — Scientific Programmable—successor to the HP25 and HP25C.
• HP-34C — Scientific Programmable calculator. First with integration and Root Finding.
• HP-35 — HP's first pocket calculator, and the world's first pocket calculator with transcendental functions. As such, it is regarded as the first 'scientific' calculator.
• HP 35s — Introduced to commemorate the 35th anniversary of the HP-35, it is an advanced scientific programmable calculator, featuring algebraic and RPN modes, hyperbolics, statistics, numerical integration, numerical solver, random number generation, equations, and full programmability, using up to 32 Kb of RAM for programs and data.
• HP 38G — a simplified graphic model, using infix notation.
• HP 39G — A successor to the HP-38, using infix notation.
• HP 39gs — A successor to the HP-38G released in 2006; does not support RPN.
• HP 39gII — Released in 2012.
• HP 40G series — A successor to the HP-38, using infix notation.
• HP-41 series — Three models in this series were released over its lifetime, the 41C, 41CV, and 41CX. The 41C had user configurable program steps and memory registers, alpha-numeric display, user programmable key mappings, and four expansion ports that could hold additional memory, an interface to HP-IL peripherals, a magnetic card reader–writer, or commercial application programs. The 41CV quintupled the amount of base memory, and the 41CX added a clock and some additional functions and memory.
• HP-42S — a non-expandable follow-up to the HP-41 series. It included a two line display (dot addressable) and featured built-in matrix and complex number mathematics.
• HP-45 — Improved version of the HP-35 with 10 memory registers, extra functions and display format selection.
• HP 48 series — Programmable scientific (S), then later graphic (G) model calculators, SX and GX versions had expansion slot. Based on the functionality of the HP-28S, but with a return to a traditional appearance (similar to the HP-41 series). Historically one of the most popular models among engineers. Uses a filesystem first introduced on the HP-28S. Has a real-time clock and an operating system with programmable-action alarms, which could turn on the calculator and run arbitrary user programs at a user-specified time & frequency.
• HP 49/50 series — Enhanced, graphic versions of the HP 48 series. Later models designed by Kinpo Electronics, Inc.
• HP 50g — As of 2007, the latest member of the HP 49 series. Faster (ARM processor), larger display, and ability to read/write removable SD memory cards.
• HP-55 — Lower cost version of the HP-65; no magnetic card reader, only 49 programming steps, but had 20 registers instead of just nine. Only model with an accurate (quartz crystal) stopwatch mode.
• HP-65 — First programmable pocket calculator. Programs could be up to 100 steps in length and could be written to or read from magnetic strips.
• HP-67 and HP-97 — Improved version of the HP-65, HP-97 is a desktop version.
• HP-71B — Handheld model natively programmable in an extended BASIC language including a RAM-based filesystem, recursion, multiline user-defined functions and subprogram calling with parameter passing, but also capable of accepting plug-in ROM modules to provide such functionalities as full I/O capabilities to any type of device (printers, mass storage, measurement instruments), programmability in other languages (Forth, Assembler), advanced math capabilities (such as matrix operations, support for complex numbers, multidimensional numerical integration and root finding, Fast Fourier Transforms, etc.), and an advanced Calculator Mode capable of executing algebraic expressions one step at a time and undoing individual steps.
• HP-80 — HP's second handheld calculator, designed for business and including functions for Time Value Of Money , Sum of Digits depreciation and similar.^[3]
• HP Prime — Fall 2013 release of a 'smartphone competitor' with a ​3¹⁄₂-inch color touch screen, 'apps', CAS and exam feature that allows both selection of RPN vs. Algebraic vs. textbook and exam format for use on the SAT. Includes several new features such as color graphing animation and wireless (dongle) connectivity.

References[edit]

1. ^'Kinpo Electronics, Inc'. www.kinpo.com.tw.
2. ^'HP-27S'. www.hpmuseum.org.
3. ^HP-80, The Museum of HP Calculators

External links[edit]

• HPMuseum.org Museum of slide rules and significant HP calculators
• HPCalc.org Information about and software for HP programmable calculators
• MyCalcDB HP calculators list.
• Calc Pages Articles and programs for classic HP calculators
• Programmable Calculators Pictures, specifications, and details for most HP calculator
• The HPDATAbase, a collection of data about all HP calculators
• wiki4hp. Community driven wiki about HP calculators and related resources.

Simulators[edit]

• HP12C Simulator Web based
• HP15C Simulator for Windows (XP and following), Mac OS X (Intel) and Linux (x86)
• HP25C Simulator for Windows NT/2K/XP and Vista (32 bit only)
• HP29C Simulator for Windows NT/2K/XP and Vista (32 bit only)
• HP33C Simulator for Windows NT/2K/XP and Vista (32 bit only)
• HP67 Simulator for Windows NT/2K/XP and Vista (32 bit only)
• HP97 Simulator for Windows XP and Vista (32 bit only)
• Nonpareil free source HP simulator set for Linux, Mac OS X and Windows
• nonpareil for Mac OS X
• debug4x ?
• x49gp for Unix machines
• HP emulators for the PC
• The RPN/RPL Implementations list includes many simulators
• HP Calculator emulators, 12c, 15c, 42s, 48GX, etc. for iPhone and iPad (by various developers)